How the composite structure of FR4 effects the prediction of impedance. Because the traces are together on the same layer (plane) I'm not sure how "coplanar" differs. Step 2: In the second optimization step, the coplanar gap was held fixed at 5. W. 1. Reference: R. Note that only interfaces with a specific impedance value require you to design to a trace impedance value; for other interfaces, designing to a specific trace impedance is optional. The JLCPCB Impedance Calculator computes track width values and recommended stack-ups from user-input values of board layer, thickness, copper weight, target impedance, trace spacing (for edge-coupled pairs), and impedance trace to copper gap (coplanar waveguides). The idea here is to determine the spacing required for a given width with the goal of hitting a specific differential impedance value. The calculator shown below uses Wadell’s. Simply input the required data fields to check your chosen dimensions ensure the. This calculator is designed to calculate the characteristic impedance of a broadside couple stripline (see diagram below). The edge couple differential microstrip transmission line is a common technique for routing differential traces. The PCB trace width and the spacing to the grounded copper regions need to be designed to set the designed impedance to the. We have had 25Gbps differential pairs that had no via stitching at. g. Impedance Calculation 5. 1kOhm, 1% tolerance: Brown Black Black Brown Brown. Coplanar Wave Guides 5. If another unrelated line at the lower layer is driven, it produces 12% crosstalk to the lower line, but 1% crosstalk to the upper line. How to Determine Impedance? Impedance is usually between 25 to 125 ohms in a trace, depending largely on the following factors: The width and thickness of a copper trace;. – Construct high-speed vias with controlled impedance. 36 Differential coplanar structures; Reduce time to market. Use via physical dimensions to calculate inductance (𝐋 𝐯), capacitance (C 𝐯), and impedance (Z 𝐯) The propagation delay of a via, t pd _𝐯𝐢𝐚= √(𝐋 𝐯 C 𝐯)How the composite structure of FR4 effects the prediction of impedance. Figure 4. A differential pair of microstrip transmission lines exhibit even- and odd-mode propagation characteristics, with the even-mode electromagnetic (EM) fields propagating through the PCB substrate material while the odd-mode EM fields propagate through the substrate material as well as the air above the substrate. Is this even a good idea?Each part of the differential pair’s travel path has its own impedance: the receiver and the transmitter inside the ICs used, the IC pins, PCB traces, and any connectors or cables in between if. 9. Relative Dielectric Constant ( εr ): Track Width: mm. To answer, Zac. The grounded differential coplanar wave guide is the differential version of the grounded coplanar wave guide and is used in high-speed digital systems that require. Note that the y-axis is on a logarithmic scale for clarity. The distance between the differential pair should be decided as per the stack-up design. 1. via stitching helps in coplanar waveguide designs. Assuming the differential pair I am routing is requiring 90 ohm (this is what the hardware guideline say "Route the USB differential pair on the top layer with a trace width and differential spacing tuned to the PCB stack-up. The definition of the controlled impedance for this configuration does not require a ground. A plot of the simulated coplanar impedance vs coplanar gap is shown below. Grounded Differential Coplanar Wave Guide. Excessive Zs can pose safety risks, while too low Zs may cause tripping issues. W W = trace width. Use the following equation to calculate the impedance of a stripline trace layout. Simultaneous Switching Noise Guidelines. Although the differential impedance will change with temperature, it will be tiny (the impedance goes down with decreasing temperature). Simulation Setup. with the following layout parameters (width|space|width): Ohm. We get a lot of questions about trace impedance and how to calculate the right trace size to hit a specific impedance in a manufacturable PCB. Under high-speed differential signaling standards, you'll often need to set the differential impedance to a specific value while also setting the single-ended impedance of each trace in the pair to its own value. 1. e. 3. Incidentally, the trace thickness parameter does have a significant effect. The etch length of the differential pair groups do not need to match. 5. PCB Coplanar Waveguide Calculator RF PCBs can be complex boards that need careful interconnect design and. We’ll go over how differential pairs can hel. 2 of the Microstrip Calculator, h=H1 and b=H2-H1. 127mm thickness substrate (3. The JLCPCB Impedance Calculator computes track width values and recommended stack-ups from user-input values of board layer, thickness, copper weight, target impedance, trace spacing (for edge-coupled pairs), and impedance trace to copper gap (coplanar waveguides). Planar transmission line. The factors that influence differential pair via impedance will affect the input impedance seen at the vias. Differential Coplanar Waveguide Calculator. There is also a dielectric material placed above the conductor. Based. php 12064 Bytes 26-05-2021 05:38:25 Coplanar Waveguide Impedance Calculator ( Bottom layer as well as adjacent copper is ground ) Ideally the traces in the differential pair only interact with each other, as another answer said. Their hardware design guideline said the traces between the USB and the termination resistors should have a differential impedance of 90 ohms. September 27, 2023 by GEGCalculators. In the case where you are routing differential pairs, then the potential between the two pairs will always be opposing (i. EDAboard. It is important to determine the characteristic impedance of a twisted-pair cable because this impedance should match the. Table 1-1. Creating and Configuring an Impedance Profile. If there is something in the microwave universe that you need a different calculator for, drop us a note and we'll see what we can do to include it here. Spread the loveEarth Fault Loop Impedance (Zs) measures the resistance encountered by fault current during a ground fault in an electrical circuit. Si Crosstalk option – Multi line and differential pair (lossless) crosstalk. 2. The lower ground can be used for heat sinking purposes while providing mechanical support and preventing the fields from coupling to interconnects on lower circuit layers [3], [4]. These are precisely the characteristics of a pair of lines to be designated as a differential pair. The concept of driving the conductors as a differential pair implies the presence of a zero voltage ground. The perforated regions above and below are not transmission. 5. How to Calculate the Impedance of a Circuit. According to this guidelines, the differential pair (DP and DM signals of the USB) must have 90 ohm impedance to each other. The calculation looks correct, but the tracks are too wide. According to Bahl and Trivedi[1], the characteristic impedance Z 0 of microstrip is. 1524mm (I've used this for the differential spacing after the caps as well). The trace width required to deliver a specific impedance is calculated as part of the impedance profile, configured in the Impedance tab of the Layer Stack Manager. For example, a single 0. 254mm. But practically (especially in a dense design like your example), they also interact with surrounding conductors, and the coplanar ground, or ground beneath a differential microstrip will affect the characteristic impedance. In the case where you are routing differential pairs, then the potential between the two pairs will always be opposing (i. calculate the impedance and capacitance of PCB traces. 10. Summary. 3. 1702mm. 4. It’s a three-in-one. This calculator determines the differential microstrip impedance of a transmission line. For example: Yellow Violet Red Gold: 4 7 x100 ±5% = 4700 Ohm, 5% tolerance. Calculators. Enter the relative permitivity, width of the trace, the ground plane spacing, and the substrate thickness to calculate the characteristic impedance. When you are creating your schematic, you must use one of the following suffixes when naming your differential pair nets: +/- (e. Now, such 2D models can quickly compute the impedance of the CPW, and give you an idea of the relative field magnitudes in the. e. Where: Z0 Z 0 = characteristic impedance of the asymmetric stripline in ohms (Ω). Target Impedance Decoupling Method 1. To use this tool, enter the values for. Adjust the distance "s". There are many demands placed on PCB stackup design. A differential length in real space (i. The equations quoted below are from Reference 1, and are offered here as a starting point for a design, subject to further analysis, testing and design verification. Calculation tip for defined Z 0 as well as Z Diff. 5. The IPC-2141 trace Impedance calculator will help make initial design easier by allowing the user to input basic parameters and get a calculated impedance according to the IPC-2141 standard. Units Conversion Data. Single-ended and differential pairs of strip lines. Use an online differential stripline impedance calculator Calculating Differential vs. Hence, without loss of generality, one. This calculator can calculate the impedance and propagation delay of the embedded microstrip. mm mils. Differential. 34mm and gap 0. Types of Planar Transmission Lines. Technical Consultant Zach Peterson explores a viewer question surrounding Coplanar Routing, specifically how to route on a single-layer board. Figure 1. For most high-speed signals, you are actually working with differential pairs, so you are designing to an odd-mode/differential impedance. Remember, the trace width on a standard thickness PCB with two layers was about 110. 6mm thick board always calls for crazy thick traces, instead focus on keeping the distance you need to route your USB lines short, this way you dont need to worry about impedance anywhere near as much, you can reduce how much trace width you need a bit by routing a picketed ground along side the differential pair. This calculator is designed to calculate the characteristic impedance of an embedded microstrip - a flat conductor suspended over a ground plane with a dielectric between it and another dielectric material. 7. Voltage Regulator Selection 1. Simons, "Coplanar Waveguide Circuits, Components, and Systems", Wiley. The CAN bus shall be split-terminated with 120Ohm, 60Ohm for each line. A solution to the problems of microstrip is coplanar waveguide (CPW) shown in Figure [Math Processing Error] 3. Just as important as determining an appropriate. mm mils. Zo (diff) is calculated to be 244 ohms, so dividing by two yields a value of 122 ohms for the semi-coplanar structure. conductor backed coplanar waveguide (CB-CPW) [2]. The Basics of Differential Signaling. ENIG plating always provides greater total losses in a coplanar arrangement vs. Impedance captures the real. differential traces you need to take into account local variations in the material Er in order to obtain the most accurate prediction of impedance. The calculator shows 90 ohms can be achieved using. Only one trace width or pair geometry can meet a particular target impedance per layer. As a quick comparison, microstrip circuitry features a signal conductor fabricated on top of a dielectric layer, with a conductive metal ground plane on the bottom of the dielectric material. 1. The impedance of a differential via pair cannot be treated with a single via impedance calculator unless the vias are spaced far apart. It can vary widely depending on these factors but is typically in the range of a few picohenries per millimeter. Modeling approximation can be used to understand the impedance of. 3) The characteristic impedance is the impedance set for the ports when S11 is minimized. 1. This can be set to zero, but the calculated loss will not include conductor losses. Use the Edit / Copy to. The change is due to the XY CTE of the PCB, but as this is usually of the order of 14ppm for most flavours of FR4, it should not be a noticeable change given that controlled impedances are 10% at best. Although there are plenty of free impedance calculators out there, I'm struggling to find one that can solve impedances for a differential pair using coplanar. Spread the loveThe inductance of a coplanar waveguide (CPW) is influenced by its geometry, including the width of the center conductor, the spacing between the conductor and the ground planes, and the substrate properties. I am routing differential pairs in Altium 20 and using controlled impedance profiles. The single-ended impedance of a trace in a differential pair will depend on the distance to the other trace, and applying a length-tuning structure is equivalent to changing the distance between the traces while meandering. It consists of a pair of center conductors separated by ground planes on the same substrate. A coplanar waveguide calculator will operate in one of two ways. 5. The definition of the controlled impedance for this configuration does not require a ground. ENIG plating always provides greater total losses. Height: Height of the substrate. Differential pairs can be added manually or through the Differential Pair Rule Wizard or created from nets. If you also have no reference on each side of the routing then theoretically this is not coplanar i. Differential Impedance of. •The differential pair must be routed symmetrically. One of the features of this type of microstrip is the coupling between lines. e. The signal propagation is dependent on the via gap. Differential Protocol: Select the desired protocol from the dropdown list, this list will autofill the Target ZDiff edit box. 3mm, as shown below: This increases the impedance slightly to 91. g. GEG Calculators is a comprehensive online platform that offers a wide range of calculators to cater to various. This makes the problem of determining impedance much more complex, and building an initial lossless model requires a larger set of formulas. Understanding Coplanar Waveguide with Ground. 1. 393 mm, the required trace width for this particular inductance value is w = 0. 6mm pcb thickness ) with 8 mil trace width, 8 mil trace spacing , 1. Altium Designer makes it easy to calculate geometry when you need to calculate impedance for differential pairs. Modeling approximation can be used to design the microstrip trace. This calculator requires symmetry in the trace widths and location between plane layers. 6 mm is used) can anybody help me how to calculate 100 ohm impedance. 1. Ultimately you could consider adjusting the spacing "S" to the. Coplanar Wave Guides 5. CPW consists of a central strip flanked by two metal half-planes that carry the return current. Stripline construction usually does not require ground stitching, sometimes it's better no having vias around. 2 Ohms differential characteristic impedance. A coplanar waveguide with groundplane distance H = 1. 5. Coplanar Waveguide Calculator. 1 has six signal layers, but only has one pair of. This is more than the to times trace width which is recommended (also read as close as possibly). ) (The difference between W1 and W2 is based on etch factor. I’m going to test the 3W rule by comparing the trace width required to produce a 50 Ohm impedance microstrip with a coplanar waveguide of the. COPLANAR WAVEGUIDE WITH GND IMPEDANCE CALCULATOR - Create the ideal trace for your antenna. 5. A mistake was made when designing a set of mother and daughter PCBs, resulting the daughter board to have its LVDS pairs at ~100Ω differential impedance, while the motherboard ~90Ω. The Si8000 Quick Solver is convenient to use for this purpose,. Microstrip differential pair routing: This technique is used for routing differential pairs and has the same arrangement as regular microstrip routing,. This calculator allows you to add the impedance model and compute the desired trace geometry and spacing for a target impedance. 92445. usb on a 1. The coplanar stripline (CPS) consists of a dielectric substrate with two parallel strip conductors separated by a narrow gap. Microstrip. g. 4. There are 3 types of single-ended models: single-ended non-coplanar, coplanar single-ended, and coplanar single-ended without ground. If you need to use differential pairs, you simply define traces in each layer as differential pairs and the impedance calculator will determine the correct spacing between traces. A twisted-pair cable is simply two wires that are twisted together so as to reduce radiated EMI (electromagnetic interference) and mitigate the effects of received EMI. Color-Code. The distance between one differential pair and an adjacent differential pair for high-speed signals shouldn't be less than five times the trace's width (5W). Impedance Calculator TRY TOOL . Be sure to check our download area for stuff we couldn't fit into a simple HTML calculator. The default units for all given values, except the subtrate. The iCD Stackup Planner is the first controlled impedance tool to enable field solver computation of multiple differential pair definitions per layer. Same Differential Pair - constraint is applied between any two primitive objects belonging to the different nets in the same differential pair (e. Users need only specify the material properties for. The concept of driving the conductors as a differential pair implies the. Differential Trace Stripline Impedance Calculator; The standard geometries that are supported by these trace impedance calculators are shown in the graphic below. Use this constraint to configure the clearance when the nets in the differential pair must be closer together than allowed by the general clearance. The required inputs are the Dk value for the dielectric constant of the PCB substrate, and the. This is often resin filled (as. To add the impedance models, click on ⊕ under the impedance calculator section and provide the following. The Saturn PCB Toolkit is the best freeware resource for PCB related calculations you can find. txem = design (txem,3e9,LineLength=0. The classic coplanar waveguide (CPW) is formed by a microstrip conductor strip separated from a pair of ground plane pours, all on the same layer, affixed to a dielectric medium. An input voltage between the two gate terminals produces an output current in the drain terminals. If you read many PCB design guidelines, particularly on parallel protocols and differential pair routing, you’ll see many mentions of trace length matching. First, consider a microstrip. To calculate the impedance, I use Saturn PCB impedance calculator software, Inc - PCB Toolkit V8. If the surface layer ground pours in the above image are too close to the trace, then we have a coplanar waveguide, not a microstrip. TX-LINE software is a FREE and interactive transmission-line utility for the analysis and synthesis of transmission-line structures that can be used directly in Cadence ® AWR ® Microwave Office ® software for matching-circuits, couplers, and other high-frequency designs. Coplanar Inductance. 1. Coplanar Waveguide Analysis/Synthesis Calculator. Frequency: Frequency at which the stripline is analyzed or. For the latest, read: Configuring the Layer Stack for Controlled Impedance Routing for version 4. The differential pair passes over a solid plane (logic. We get a lot of questions about trace impedance and how to calculate the right trace size to hit a specific impedance in a manufacturable PCB. Edge coupled differential pair. The Calculator Calculates the values of the Characteristic Impedance, Capacitance per unit length and propogation speed. More importantly, it can provide extremely high frequency response (100 GHz or more) since connecting to CPW does not entail any parasitic discontinuities in the ground plane. Calculates the differential pair impedance of a balanced line. I believe the 100-ohm differential equates to 50-ohm single ended because you can think of the two 100-ohm impedances as being in parallel resulting in an effective 50-ohm single-ended equivalence. Technical Consultant Zach Peterson explores a viewer question surrounding Coplanar Routing, specifically how to route on a single-layer board. Hence, without loss of generality, one. 05 that is free software and very famous among designers. This formula allows you to calculate impedance when the reflection coefficient is known, quantifying the impedance. There are many demands placed on PCB stackup design. Note: Units do not matter for this calculation as long as they are consistent. Intrinsic Impedance, Z0: Ohm < Prev; Even mode impedance for commonly-driven transmission lines . Stripline is another type of transmission line that can be easily built on a pcb. First, we integrate the resistive loss to determine the power dissipation per unit length. The Si8000m adds enhanced modelling to predict the finished impedance of multiple dielectric PCB builds and also takes into account the local variations in dielectric constant on close spaced differential structures. 150" pitch. Output ⊕. 15 mm spacing. For differential pairs, a coupled microstrip line can work also. 1. A differential stripline pair refers to two traces located between two reference plane layers, which are routed as a differential pair. W = Width of a trace in a differential pair; S = Distance between the trace in a differential pair; and H = Dielectric height above the group plane. The iCD Design Integrity software incorporates the iCD Stackup Planner, iCD PDN Planner, iCD CPW Planner and SmartSolver software plus a myriad of functionality. 2. Most of the dedicated TL tools doesn't have this option, only if you use a full EM simulator. Where1,481. Multipin Port Overview A multipin waveguide is characterized by having more than two conductors (e. Take note that this assumes that the distance between the conductor and the planes is not the same for both reference planes; hence the asymmetric term. Microstrip is one of. 6), the impedance will be approximately 50 Ohms. 1. Flexibility Using 9-hole differentials offers flexibility for golfers with limited time, allowing them to maintain their handicap index without always completing. The controlled impedance method applies to any trace that handles high-speed or high-frequency signals. 6 ohms and Z even = 110 ohms for your geometry, very close to your result. The RS-485 differential pair characteristic impedance is 120 Ω. and a whole lot more! To participate you need to register. to NFTo explore the differential pair transmission line results,. Agilent's LineCalc tool calculates Z odd = 50. A differential pair consists of two well matched, source-coupled transistors as shown in Figure 6-1. Converts mm to mils, mils to mm. 062" double sided finished board The numbers work out like this. A coplanar waveguide calculator will operate in one of two ways. 5. a simple microstrip. The calculator shows 90 ohms can be achieved using. If you’re designing an RF PCB for microwave or higher frequencies, controlled impedance routing should be top of mind to ensure signal. In the PCB panel’s Differential Pairs Editor mode, its three main regions change to reflect the differential pair hierarchy of the current PCB design (in order from the top):. . iCD High Density Interconnect - PCB Design. Estimate impedance with an Impedance Calculator Buried Microstrips If GND-fill is used, it may create a co-planar structure. The test sample consists of a pair of differential traces at the top layer, followed by a differential via to the inner traces, then a second differential via connects to the BGA landing pads at the top layer again. The balun datasheet specifies the single ended characteristic impedance should be matched to $50,Omega$ and the differential balanced impedance should also be matched to $50,Omega$. 9. The Coplanar Differential Pair Impedance Calculator is a tool that helps you calculate the characteristic impedance of a coplanar waveguide (CPW). Trophy points. Edge Coupled Stripline Impedance Formula. 5. Your idea of crisscrossing traces to create a "twisted" pair is intriguing, but I suspect it will cause you more headaches: 1) signal reflections at each via 2) every buried via is a potential defect point for board manufacturing. The impedance is determined by the ratio of trace width to clearance, so size reduction is possible without limit, the only penalty being higher losses. Board Classes. Differential Pair Termination. The required values are trace thickness, substrate heights, trace width, and subtrate dielectric in the calculator above and press the "calculate" button. For instance, I want a 100 Ω controlled impedance pair, and have used "differential" before which seemed to work fine. Corrected “?” tooltip for coplanar wave in the Conductor Impedance calculator. 7. so i have had a look at a App-Note of the PHY chip: it contains a lot of good information - and for me its clear i have to do a differential pair for the TX+/TX- and RX+/RX- traces. beammy. This technique is used for routing internal layer differential pairs. is the most critical in this regard. These ground planes provide. The Differential Pairs Editor mode of the PCB panel can be used to create and edit differential pairs. All users and their team members can collaborate efficiently on advanced electronics designs through the Altium 365™ platform. A quick solving calculator lets you seek a target impedance by varying any one parameter, it could be line width, stack height or Er; you choose the variable and set the goal seek – you can even set. Hello Community, iam currently designing a board that contains an 100MBit Ethernet connection. Single-Ended Impedance The trace impedance (single-ended) in an individual trace is normally calculated by ignoring any neighboring traces, so no coupling to other conductors in the design will be included. Note: Units do not matter for this calculation as long as they are consistent. This calculator determines the impedance of a symmetric differential stripline pair. I have no luck finding an asymmetric differential stripline impedance calculator online. Our impedance calculator features two main types of impedance models, single-ended and differential, within each trace structure. Reference plane assignment validation Critical placement and routing. Such a stripline is constructed with two traces referenced to the same reference planes above and below the traces with a dielectric material between them. . 4 mil, εr. 8. Calculates the differential pair impedance of a balanced line. To calculate the resistance, we use a slightly different technique. 5. It should include impedance value, trace width, differential pair spacing, and the layer on which the controlled impedance traces are routed. 1 mm gives roughly 50 ohms impedance. The differential impedance target, as well as the single-ended impedance of each trace, is maintained by keeping the spacing between the two traces constant. 5. – Avoid serpentining one side of the differential pair to match skew. In [5], the coplanar side grounds (CSGs) were modeled as patch resonators and the calculated resonant frequencies. For example, if you wish to input "25000000", just type "25M" instead. It incorporates many features that PCB designers and engineers are in regular need. The PCB Impedance Calculator in Altium Designer. Impedance in your traces becomes a critical parameter to consider during stackup design for high-speed PCBs, but the. Such a microstrip is constructed with two traces referenced to the same reference plane with a dielectric material between them. The even mode impedance is simply the impedance of a single line when the two lines are driven. Wavelength calculator Calculates the wavelength of a signal using Ereff. 6 mm is used) can anybody help me how to calculate 100 ohm impedance. 10. If you have a dense 16-layer board, and your note reads: “All signal layers: 0. Distance between pairs should be (traces on top layer = microstrip) 4 times the layer. Impedance signals are very rich and treasure valuable information about both the measurement system and the particles under study. 25mm trace. To use this calculator, simply input your microstrip geometry and Dk value, and the tool will return the differential impedance value for a pair of microstrip traces. Differential microstrip and stripline pairs have common-mode noise immunity if they are routed symmetrically, but they also need to have controlled differential impedance to. 5. AC coupling capacitors can be positioned anywhere throughout the differential pair’s length. Differential Impedance is the impedance between two differential pair signal traces. m is the slope of the line. Sierra Circuits’ Trace Width, Current Capacity and Temperature Rise Calculator is an advanced PCB tool that works based on the latest IPC-2152 standard. Controlled impedance is typically required in single-ended microstrip, embedded microstrip, stripline differential pair, and planar PCB transmission lines. Maximum near end channel to channel cross talk for 100 Ohm, 5 mil wide differential pairs, as the channel to channel edge spacing increases. Rs =. Overview. Hi folks I’ve just emerged from a rabbit hole & thought I’d share what I learned regarding available impedance calculators for coplanar waveguide (CPW) and coplanar waveguide w/GND (GCPW). 2, however research into the prediction of impedance of edge coupled differential and co planar structures has shown for the best results you need to take into. There's a free calculator for edge-coupled. This assumes ~0 trace thickness. The advantages of coplanar waveguide are that active devices can be mounted on top of the circuit, like on microstrip. We will assume here that both of the lines of the pair are identical and uniform. The example below shows how adjusting the stitching via placement could affect a differential via. We usually use stitch pattern of 0. The Si8000m assumes negligible insertion loss in the transmission line; should you wish to model insertion loss the Si9000e adds. 9. For Dk = 3 to about Dk = 4, the frequency range where controlled impedance will be needed is slightly above about 3-5 GHz (see the. Thus any equation used to calculate the impedance is approximate and demonstrated in Table 1. 1. The differential impedance is measured across the two lines with the pair driven differentially. 8. For differential pairs of microstrips, the formulas involved are much more complicated because coupling between the traces in the differential pair must be included in the impedance calculation. The same ideas also apply to differential pair routing. The stripline impedance calculator provided below is useful for gaining an initial estimate of trace impedance for striplines. 如何利用Q2D計算共面差分帶對的差分阻抗視頻顯示了使用Q2D計算共面差分帶對的流程The video shows the flow to calculate coplanar. Coplanar_Waveguide_Calculator. T represents trace thickness. Use a 2D field solver to do this (The best free tool I have found is TNT). To answer, Zac. 1 Answer. Note: The results are only for approximation and rough. 331 1 2 5.